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"...The church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth."
I Timothy 3:15
The Trail of Blood
Dr. J. M. Carroll
1931
FOURTH LECTURE--17th, 18th, 19th Centuries
1. This lecture begins with the beginning of the Seventeenth Century (A.D. 1601).
We have passed very hurriedly over much important Christian history, but necessity
his compelled this.
2. This three-century period begins with the rise of an entirely
new denomination. It is right to state that some historians give the date of the
beginning of the Congregational Church (at first called "Independents") as 1602.
However, Schaff-Herzogg, in their Encyclopedia, place its beginning far back in the
sixteenth century, making it coeval with the Lutheran and Presbyterian. In the great
reformation wave many who went out of the Catholic Church were not satisfied with
the extent of the reformation led by Luther and Calvin. They decided to repudiate
also the preacher rule and government idea of the churches and return to the New
Testament democratic idea as had been held through the fifteen preceding centuries
by those who had refused to enter Constantine's hierarchy.
3. The determined contention
of this new organization for this particular reform brought down upon its head bitter
persecution from Catholic, Lutheran, Presbyterian and Church of England adherents
– all the established churches. However, it retained many other of the Catholic made
errors, such for instance as infant baptism, pouring or sprinkling for baptism, and
later adopted and practiced to an extreme degree the church and state idea. and,
after refugeeing to America, themselves,became very bitter persecutors.
4. The name
"Independents" or as now called "Congregationalists," is derived from their mode
of church government. Some of the distinguishing principles of the English Congregationalists
as given in Schaff-Herzogg Encyclopedia are as follows:
i. That Jesus Christ is the
only head of the church and that the Word of God is its only statue book.
ii. That visible churches are distinct assemblies of Godly men gathered out of the
world for purely religious purposes, and not to be confounded with the world.
iii. That these separate churches have full power to choose their own officers and
to maintain discipline.
iv. That in respect to their internal management they are each independent of all
other churches and equally independent of state control.
5. How markedly different
these principles are from Catholicism, or even Lutheranism, or Presbyterianism or
the Episcopacy of the Church of England. How markedly similar to the Baptists of
today, and of all past ages, and to the original teachings of Christ and His apostles.
6.
In 1611, the King James English Version of the Bible appeared. Never was the Bible
extensively given to the people before. From the beginning of the general dissemination
of the Word of God began the rapid decline of the Papal power, and the first beginnings
for at least many centuries, of the idea of "religious liberty."
7. In 1648 came the
"Peace of Westphalia." Among other things which resulted from that peace pact was
the triple agreement between the great denominations -- Catholic, Lutheran and Presbyterian,
no longer to persecute one another. Persecutions among these denominations meant
war with governments backing them. However, all other Christians, especially the
Ana-Baptists, were to continue to receive from them the same former harsh treatment,
persistent persecution.
8. During all the seventeenth century, persecutions for Waldenses,
Ana-Baptists, and Baptists (in some places the "Ana" was now being left off) continued
to be desperately severe; in England by the Church of England, as John Bunyan and
many others could testify; in Germany by the Lutherans; in Scotland by the Church
of Scotland (Presbyterian); in Italy, in France, and in every other place where the
papacy was in power, by the Catholics. There is now no peace anywhere for those who
are not in agreement with the state churches, or some one of them.
9. It is a significant
fact well established in credible history that even as far back as the fourth century
those refusing to go into the Hierarchy, and refusing to accept the baptism or those
baptized in infancy, and refusing to accept the doctrine of "Baptismal Regeneration"
and demanding rebaptism for all those who came to them from the Hierarchy, were called
"Ana-Baptists." No matter what other names they then bore, they were always referred
to as "Ana-Baptists." Near the beginning of the sixteenth century, the "Ana" was
dropped, and the name shortened to simply "Baptist," and gradually all other names
were dropped. Evidently, if Bunyan had lived in an earlier period his followers would
have been called "Bunyanites" or "Ana-Baptists." Probably they would have been called
by both names as were others preceding him.
10. The name "Baptist" is a "nickname,"
and was given to them by their enemies (unless the name can be rightfully attributed
to them as having been given to them by the Savior Himself, when He referred to John
as "The Baptist"). To this day, the name has never been officially adopted by any
group of Baptists. The name, however, has become fixed and is willingly accepted
and proudly borne. It snugly fits. It was the distinguishing name of the forerunner
of Christ, the first to teach the doctrine to which the Baptists now hold.
11. I quote
a very significant statement from the Schaff-Herzogg Encyclopedia, under "History
of Baptists in Europe," Vol. 1, page 210,
"The Baptists appeared first in Switzerland
about 1523, where they were persecuted by Zwingle and the Romanists. They are found
in the following years, 1525-1530, with large churches fully organized, in Southern
Germany, Tyrol and in middle Germany. In all these places persecutions made their
lives bitter."
(Note -- that all this is prior to the founding of the Protestant churches--Lutheran,
Episcopal, or Presbyterian.)
We continue the quotation:-
"Moravia promised a home of
greater freedom, and thither many Baptists migrated, only to find their hopes deceived.
After 1534 they were numerous in Northern Germany, Holland, Belgium, and the Walloon
provinces. They increased even during Alva's rule, in the low countries, and developed
a wonderful missionary zeal." (Note--"Missionary Zeal." And yet some folks say that
the "Hardshells" are primitive Baptists.)
Where did these Baptists come from? They
did not come out of the Catholics during the Reformation. They had large churches
prior to the Reformation.
12. As a matter of considerable interest, note the religious
changes in England as the centuries
have gone by:
The Gospel was carried to England by the Apostles and it remained Apostolic in its
religion until after the organization of the Hierarchy in the beginning of the fourth
century, and really for more than another century after that. It then came under
the power of the Hierarchy which was rapidly developing into the Catholic Church.
It then remained Catholic -- that was the state religion, until the split in 1534-1535,
during the reign of Henry VIII. It was then called the Church of England.
Eighteen years later, 1553-1558, during the reign of Queen Mary ("Bloody Mary") England
was carried back to the Catholics, and a bloody five-years period was this. Then
Elizabeth, a half-sister of Mary, the daughter of Anna Boleyn, came to the throne,
1558. The Catholics were again overthrown, and again the Church of England came into
power. And thus things remained for almost another century, when the Presbyterian
Church came for a short while into the ascendancy, and seemed for a while as if it
might become the State Church of England as well as that of Scotland. However, following
the time of Oliver Cromwell, the Church of England came back to her own and has remained
the established church of England ever since.
13. Note the gradual softening down
of religious matters in England from the hard and bitter persecutions of the established
church for more than a century.
i. The first toleration act came in 1688, one hundred
and fifty-four years after the beginning of this church. This act permitted the worship
of all denominations in England except two--the Catholics and the Unitarians.
ii. The second toleration act came in 1778, eighty-nine years still later. This act
included in the toleration the Catholics, but still excluded the Unitarians.
iii. The third toleration act came in 1813, thirty-five years later. This included
the Unitarians.
iv. In 1828-1829 came what is known as the "Test Act" which gave the "dissenters"
(the religionists not in accord with the "Church of England") access to public office
and even to Parliament.
v. In 1836-37 and 1844 came the "Registration" and "Marriage" acts. These two acts
made legal baptisms and marriages performed by "dissenters."
vi .The "Reform Bill" came in 1854. This bill opened the doors of Oxford and Cambridge
Universities to dissenting students. Up to this time no child of a "dissenter" could
enter one of these great institutions.
14. Thus has been the march of progress in
England toward "Religious Liberty." But it is probably correct to state that real
religious liberty can never come into any country where there is and is to remain
an established church. At best, it can only be toleration, which is certainly a long
way from real religious liberty. As long as one denomination among several in any
country is supported by the government to the exclusion of all others this favoritism
and support of one, precludes the possibility of absolute religious liberty and equality.
15.
Very near the beginning of the eighteenth century there were born in England three
boys who were destined to leave upon the world a deep and unfading impression. These
boys were John and Charles Wesley, and George Whitfield.
John and Charles Wesley were born at Epworth (and here comes a suggestion for the
name Epworth League), the former June 28, 1703, and the latter March 29, 1708. George
Whitfield was born in Gloucester, December 27, 1714. The story of the lives of these
boys cannot be told here,but they are well worth being told, and then retold. These
three boys became the fathers and founders of Methodism. They were all three members
of the Church of England, and all studying for the ministry; and yet at that time,
not one of them converted (which at that time was not unusual among the English clergy.
Remember, however, that in those days, the parent frequently, if not usually, decided
on the profession or line of the life to be followed by the boy). But these boys
were afterwards converted, and genuinely and wonderfully converted.
16. These men
seemed to have no desire to be the founders of a new denomination. But they did seem
to greatly desire and earnestly strive for a revival of pure religion and a genuine
spiritual reformation in the Church of England. This they tried in both England and
America. The doors of their own churches were soon closed against them. Their services
were frequently held out in the open, or in some private house, or, as especially
in the case of Whitfield, in the meeting houses of other denominations. Whitfield's
great eloquence attracted markedly great attention everywhere he went.
17. The definite
date of the founding of the Methodist Church is hard to be determined. Unquestionably
Methodism is older than the Methodist Church. The three young men were called Methodists
before they left college. Their first organizations were called "Societies." Their
first annual conference in England was held in 1744.
The Methodist Episcopal Church was officially and definitely organized in America,
in Baltimore in 1784. Their growth has really been marvelous. But, when they came
out of the Church of England, or the Episcopal Church, they brought with them a number
of the errors of the mother and grandmother churches. For instance, as the Episcopacy,
or preacher-church government. On this point they have had many internal wars and
divisions, and seem destined to have yet others. Infant Baptism and sprinkling for
baptism, etc., but there is one great thing which they have, which they did not bring
out with them, a genuine case of spiritual religion.
18. September 12, 1788, there
was born in Antrium, Ireland, a child, who was destined in the years to come, to
create quite a religious stir in some parts of the world, and to become the founder
of a new religious denomination. That child was Alexander Campbell. His father was
a Presbyterian minister. The father, Thomas Campbell, came to America in 1807. Alexander,
his son, who was then in college, came later. Because of changed views, they left
the Presbyterians and organized an independent body, which they called "The Christian
Association," known as "The Brush Run Church."
In 1811, they adopted immersion as baptism and succeeded in persuading a Baptist
preacher to baptize them, but with the distinct understanding that they were not
to unite with the Baptist Church. The father, mother, and Alexander were all baptized.
In 1813 their independent church united with the Red Stone Baptist Association. Ten
years later, because of controversy, they left that association and joined another.
Controversies continued to arise, and they left that association. It is fair to say
that they had never been Baptists, nor had they so far as any records I have seen,
to show, ever claimed to be.
19. It could hardly be fair to Christian history, and
especially to Baptist history, to say nothing in these lectures about John Bunyan.
In some respects, one of the most celebrated men in English history and even in world
history -- John Bunyan, a Baptist preacher -- John Bunyan, twelve years in Bedford
jail -- John Bunyan the author while confined in jail, of the most celebrated and
most widely circulated book, next to the Bible, in the whole world. "Pilgrim's Progress"
-- John Bunyan, one of the most notable of all examples of the bitterness of Christian
persecution. And the story of Mary Bunyan, John Bunyan's blind daughter, ought to
be in every Sunday School library. For many years it was out of print. I think it
is now in print again. I almost defy any man or woman, boy or girl, to read it and
keep dry eyes.
20. Another thing about which at least a few words should be said in
these lectures in concerning Wales and the Welsh Baptists. One of the most thrilling
stories in Christian history is the story of the Welsh Baptists. The Baptists of
the United States owe far most to the Welsh Baptists than the most of us are conscious.
Some whole Baptist churches, fully organized, have migrated in a body from Wales
to the United States. (Orchard, p. 21-23; Ford, chapt. 2.)
21. The story of the beginning
of Christian work in Wales is strikingly fascinating and from history it seems to
be true. That history begins in the New Testament (Acts 28:30-31; II Tim. 4:21).
The story of Claudia and Pudens -- their visit to Rome -- their conversion under
Paul's preaching, and carrying the gospel back to Wales, their homeland, is thrillingly
interesting. Paul did this preaching in Rome as early as A.D. 63. Soon after that
Claudia, Pudens, and others, among them two preachers, carried the same gospel into
England and especially into Wales. How mightily the Welch Baptists have helped the
Baptists in America can hardly be estimated.